Estimation of Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Using Lightning Data over West Sumatra
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25077/jif.13.2.92-100.2021Abstract
In situ observations of raindrop size distributions (DSDs) are still limited, especially in the tropics. Therefore, this study develops an alternative method to calculate DSD parameters by utilizing lightning data from the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) observation. DSD data was obtained from Parsivel's observations in the equatorial regions of Indonesia, i.e., Kototabang (100.32◦E, 0.20◦S, 865 m above mean sea level/ASL), Padang (100.46°E, 0.915°S, 200 m ASL), and Sicincin (100.30°E, 0.546°S, 134 m ASL). A gamma distribution parameterized the DSD. Three analysis domains were examined, with a grid of 0.1° x 0.1°, 0.5° x 0.5°, and 1° x 1°. We examined the possibility to calculate the near-instantaneous DSD parameter, so three short time intervals, namely, one, five and ten minutes, were used. The results showed that the number of lightning strokes does not adequately correlate with DSD parameters. This is observed in all time intervals and analysis domains. Thus, the use of lightning data to calculate DSD parameters is not possible for short time interval of DSD (near instantaneous DSD). However, lightning data can estimate the average DSD parameters for an average time of more than one hour, as recommended by previous studies.
Downloads
References
Albrecht, R.I., Goodman, S.J., Buechler, D.E., Blakeslee, R.J. & Christian, H.J. (2015). Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97(11), 2051-2068.
Atlas, D., Ulbrich, C.W., Marks, F.D., Amitai, E. & Williams, C.R (1999). Systematic Variation of Drop Size and Radar-Rainfall Relationships, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 6155-6169.
Avila, M.C, Nora A, Cornelli E, Rodriguez-Castellon A & Jimenez-Lopez, (2010). Study of solid acid catalysis for the hydration of α-pinene. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 322, 106-122.
Bourscheidt, V., Pinto, O., Naccarato, K. P., & Pinto, I. R. C. A. (2009). The influence of topography on the cloud-to-ground lightning density in South Brazil. Atmospheric Research, 91(2-4), 508–513. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.06.010.
Coppens, D. & Haddad, Z.S. (2000), Effect of Raindrop Size Distribution Variation on Microwave Brightness Temperature Calculation, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (19), 483-489.
Harikumar, R., Sampath, S., Kumar, V.S. (2009), An empirical model for the variation of rain drop size distribution with rain rate at a few locations in southern India. Advances in Space Research, 43, 837–844.
Harjupa, W., Shimomai, T., Hashiguchi, H., Fujiyoshi, Y., & Kawashima, M. (2021). Differences in Mechanisms of Orographic Rainfall over West Sumatra (Case Study: 10 April and 23 April 2004). Jurnal Ilmu Fisika, 13(1), 8-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.25077/jif.13.1.8-17.2021
Jameson, A.R. & Kostinski, A.B. (2001), What is Raindrop Size Distribution, Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 82 (6), 1169-1177.
Kozu, T. & Nakamura, K. (1991), Rainfall Parameter Estimation from Dual-Radar Measurements Combining Reflectivity Profile and Path-integrated Attenuation, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 8, 259-271.
Lapp, J., (2007), Analyzing Relationships Between Lightning and Rain in Order to Improve Estimation Accuracy of Rain, Theses, Clemson University, USA.
Loffler-Mang, M. & Joss, J. (2000), An Optical Disdrometer for Measuring Size and Velocity of Hydrometeors, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 17, 130-139.
Marzuki, Kozu, T., Shimomai, T, Hashiguchi, H., Randeu, W.L., & Vonnisa, M., (2010), Raindrop Size Distribution of Convective Rain Over Equatorial Indonesia During the firs CPEA Campaign, Atmospheric Research, 96, 645-655.
Marzuki, M., Hashiguchi, H., Yamamoto, M.K., Mori, S., & Yamanaka, M.D., (2013a), Regional Variability of Raindrop Size Distribution over Indonesia, Annales Geophysical, 31, 1941-1948.
Marzuki, Hashiguchi, H., Yamamoto, M.K., Yamamoto. M., Mori. S., Yamanaka, M. D, Carbone, R. E, & Tuttle, J. D. (2013b) Cloud episode propagation over the Indonesian maritime continent from 10 years of infrared brightness temperature observations. Atmospheric Research, 120−121, 268–286.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.004
Marzuki, Hashiguchi, H.,Shimomai, T., & Randeu, Walter L. (2016), Cumulative Distributions of Rainfall Rate Over Sumatra, Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, 49, 1-8, doi:10.2528/PIERM16043007.
Marzuki, M, Suryanti, K, Yusnaini, H, et al. (2021). Diurnal variation of precipitation from the perspectives of precipitation amount, intensity and duration over Sumatra from rain gauge observations. International Journal of Climatology. 1– 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7078
Owolawi, P. (2011), Raindrop Size Distribution Model for the prediction of Rain Attenuation in Durban, PIERS Online, 7 (6), 516-523.
Saufina, E., Marzuki, M., Vonnisa, M., Hashiguchi, H., & Harmadi, H., (2018), Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Lightning Activity Over West Sumatra and Its Correlation with Precipitation Type, Makara Journal of Science, 22 (2), 95-104, DOI: 10.7454/mss.v22i2.8089.
Saylor, J.R., Ulbrich, C.W., Ballentine, J.W & Lapp J.L., (2005), The Correlation Between Lightning and DSD Parameters, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 43 (8), 1806 - 1815.
Tokay, A. & Short, D.A., (1996), Evidence from Tropical Raindrop Spectra of the Origin of Rain from Statifrom Versus Convective Clouds, Journal Applied Meteorology, 35, 355-371.
Uijlenhoet, R., (2010), Raindrop Size Distributions and Radar Reflectivity-Rain Rate Relationships for Radar Hydrology, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 5, 615-627.
Waldvogel, A., (1974), The N0 Jump of Raindrop Spectra, Journal of Atmospheric Society, 31, 1067-1078.
Yusnaini, Marzuki, Muharsyah, R., Vonnisa, M., & Tangang, F., (2021) Influence of topography on lightning density in Sumatra, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1876 012022.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Faridah Salma, Marzuki, Hiroyuki Hashiguchi, Fadli Nauval
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Please find the rights and licenses in JIF (Jurnal Ilmu Fisika).
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
2. Author's Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User Rights
JIF's spirit is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, JIF permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and JIF on distributing works in the journal.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- Copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- The right to use the substance of the article in future own works, including lectures and books,
- The right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- The right to self-archive the article.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or JIF upon two months's notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party's notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of JIF.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by JIF or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
JIF will publish the article (or have it published) in the journal if the article's editorial process is successfully completed and JIF or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. JIF may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, referencing and usage that it deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers.
