Binder Influence on Barium Hexaferrite: Comparative Analysis of PVA and Silicone Rubber in Sintered Magnets

Authors

  • Wahyu Solafide Sipahutar The Department of Materials Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, 35365, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5387-5885
  • Gustya Salma Putrie The Department of Materials Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, 35365, Indonesia
  • Faiza Armalia Putri The Department of Materials Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, 35365, Indonesia
  • Abi Farhan The Department of Materials Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, 35365, Indonesia
  • Muhamad Hafid The Department of Materials Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, 35365, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25077/jif.17.2.135-145.2025

Keywords:

barium hexaferrite, polyvinyl alcohol, silicone rubber, magnetic properties, sintering

Abstract

This study explores the impact of binder types—polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and silicone rubber (SR)—on the physical, magnetic, and mechanical properties of barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19), synthesized via mechanical alloying and sintered at 1100°C. SEM-EDX confirmed the formation of BaFe12O19 with an average particle size of around 0.7 µm. VSM results showed a saturation magnetization (Ms) of 71.17 emu/g, remanent magnetization (Mr) of 47.8 emu/g, and coercivity (Hc) of 0.33 T. The addition of PVA reduced density (3.13–3.07 g/cm³), increased porosity (17.72%–18.47%), and decreased magnetization (0.93–0.80 mT). In contrast, SR enhanced densification, leading to higher density (3.65–3.57 g/cm³), lower porosity (6.95%–7.51%), and significantly higher hardness (232.9–438.92 HV). SR also improved mechanical strength, while PVA proved more effective in reducing shrinkage and improving magnetization. These results underscore the significant role of binder type and concentration in optimizing the properties of sintered barium hexaferrite, with SR excelling in mechanical strength and PVA in magnetization.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

An, G.-H., Hwang, T.-Y., Kim, J., Kim, J., Kang, N., Jeon, K.-W., Kang, M., & Choa, Y.-H. (2014). Novel method for low temperature sintering of barium hexaferrite with magnetic easy-axis alignment. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 34(5), 1227–1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.10.027

Banerjee, M., Jain, A., & Mukherjee, G. S. (2019). Microstructural and optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol/manganese chloride composite film. Polymer Composites, 40(S1). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25017

Breitwieser, R., Acevedo, U., Ammar, S., & Valenzuela, R. (2017). Ferrite Nanostructures Consolidated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). In Nanostructured Materials - Fabrication to Applications. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/68017

Cui, J., Ormerod, J., Parker, D., Ott, R., Palasyuk, A., Mccall, S., Paranthaman, M. P., Kesler, M. S., McGuire, M. A., Nlebedim, I. C., Pan, C., & Lograsso, T. (2022). Manufacturing Processes for Permanent Magnets: Part I—Sintering and Casting. JOM, 74(4), 1279–1295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05156-9

Darmawan, L., Manaf, A., Prasetyo, E., Nurjaman, F., Handoko, A. S., Herliana, U., Bahfie, F., & Susanti, D. (2025). The Development of Rare Earth Based Permanent Magnets and Its Relation to the Circular Economy. Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 69(2), 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1595/205651324X17222696085149

El Shater, R. E., El-Ghazzawy, E. H., & El-Nimr, M. K. (2018). Study of the sintering temperature and the sintering time period effects on the structural and magnetic properties of M-type hexaferrite BaFe12O19. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 739, 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.228

Filippova, S. S., Deriabin, K. V., Perevyazko, I., Shamova, O. V., Orlov, D. S., & Islamova, R. M. (2023). Metal- and Peroxide-Free Silicone Rubbers with Antibacterial Properties Obtained at Room Temperature. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 5(7), 5286–5296. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.3c00697

Ghorbani, Y., Ilankoon, I. M. S. K., Dushyantha, N., & Nwaila, G. T. (2025). Rare earth permanent magnets for the green energy transition: Bottlenecks, current developments and cleaner production solutions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 212, 107966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107966

Gutfleisch, O., Willard, M. A., Brück, E., Chen, C. H., Sankar, S. G., & Liu, J. P. (2011). Magnetic Materials and Devices for the 21st Century: Stronger, Lighter, and More Energy Efficient. Advanced Materials, 23(7), 821–842. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201002180

Hassan, S. ul, Hou, L., Kuang, D., & Wang, S. (2024). Carbon based Composite Materials for Microwave Absorption in Low Frequency S and C Band: A Review. ChemNanoMat, 10(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202400406

Hirosawa, S., Nishino, M., & Miyashita, S. (2017). Perspectives for high-performance permanent magnets: applications, coercivity, and new materials. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 8(1), 013002. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/aa597c

Idayanti, N., Kristiantoro, T., Septiani, A., & Kartika, I. (2017). Magnetic properties of barium ferrite after milling by high energy milling (hem). MATEC Web of Conferences, 101, 01011. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710101011

Idayanti, N., & Manaf, A. (2018). Magnet Nanokomposit Sebagai Magnet Permanen Masa Depan. Metalurgi, 1. www.ejurnalmaterialmetalurgi.com

Islam, R., Vero, K., & Borah, J. P. (2024). Historical overview and recent advances in permanent magnet materials. Materials Today Communications, 41, 110538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.110538

Kanagesan, S., Hashim, M., Kalaivani, T., Ismail, I., Rodziah, N., Ibrahim, I. R., & Rahman, N. A. (2015). Sintering temperature dependence of optimized microstructure formation of BaFe12O19 using sol–gel method. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 26(3), 1363–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-014-2547-1

KOJIMA, T., OORI, S., WATANABE, T., SHIMADA, Y., NORO, S., UEKAWA, N., & KAKEGAWA, K. (2010). Microstructure control of Ce-TZP/Ba ferrite composites using an amorphous precursor of the second phase. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 118(1381), 823–826. https://doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.118.823

Koutzarova, T., Kolev, S., Ghelev, Ch., Nedkov, I., Vertruen, B., Cloots, R., Henrist, C., & Zaleski, A. (2013). Differences in the structural and magnetic properties of nanosized barium hexaferrite powders prepared by single and double microemulsion techniques. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 579, 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.06.049

Liu, Y., Yi, Y., Shao, W., & Shao, Y. (2013). Microstructure and magnetic properties of soft magnetic powder cores of amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 330, 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2012.10.043

Liu, Y., Zhang, K., Sun, J., Yuan, J., Yang, Z., Gao, C., & Wu, Y. (2019). A Type of Hydrogen Bond Cross-Linked Silicone Rubber with the Thermal-Induced Self-Healing Properties Based on the Nonisocyanate Reaction. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 58(47), 21452–21458. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03953

Madavali, B., Lee, C.-H., Han, J.-G., Kim, D. H., Kim, J. T., Song, G., Lee, J. K., & Hong, S.-J. (2021). Investigation of homogeneity in microstructure and thermoelectric properties at various positions in high-thickness sintered bulks of p-type 20%Bi2Te3–80%Sb2Te3 alloys. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 32(12), 16302–16310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06178-w

Mahmood, S. H., & Bsoul, I. (2012). Hopkinson peak and superparamagnetic effects in BaFe 12-x Ga x O 19 nanoparticles. EPJ Web of Conferences, 29, 00039. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20122900039

Makhdoom, A. R., Ranjha, Q. A., Ghori, U.-R., Raza, M. A., Raza, B., Mazhar, M. E., Rao, K. A., Ahmed, F., Asif, S. U., Khan, M. W., & Nisa, M. (2021). Structural and magnetic variations in Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Fe 9 Ce 1 Al 2 O 19 hexaferrites at different sintering temperatures. Physica Scripta, 96(12), 125865. https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac3d4f

Manglam, M. K., Kumari, S., Mallick, J., & Kar, M. (2021). Crystal structure and magnetic properties study on barium hexaferrite of different average crystallite size. Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, 127(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-04232-8

Manglam, M. K., Kumari, S., Pradhan, L. K., Kumar, S., & Kar, M. (2020). Lattice strain caused magnetism and magnetocrystalline anisotropy in Zn modified barium hexaferrite. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 588, 412200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2020.412200

Martínez-Hernando, M.-P., Bolonio, D., Ortega, M. F., Llamas, J. F., & García-Martínez, M.-J. (2023). Material flow analysis and regional greenhouse gas emissions associated to permanent magnets and batteries used in electric vehicles. Science of The Total Environment, 904, 166368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166368

Owens, G. J., Singh, R. K., Foroutan, F., Alqaysi, M., Han, C.-M., Mahapatra, C., Kim, H.-W., & Knowles, J. C. (2016). Sol–gel based materials for biomedical applications. Progress in Materials Science, 77, 1–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.12.001

Özdemir Yanık, M. C., Demirel, O., Elmadağlı, M., Günay, E., & Aydın, S. (2023). Investigation of glass sintering to improve strength and interfacial interactions in glass‐to‐AISI 316L metal joints. International Journal of Applied Glass Science, 14(2), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijag.16617

P. Singh, V., Kumar, G., Dhiman, P., K. Kotnala, R., Shah, J., M. Batoo, K., & Singh, M. (2014). Structural, Dielectric And Magnetic Properties Of Nanocrystalline BaFe12O19 Hexaferrite Processed Via Sol-gel Technique. Advanced Materials Letters, 5(8), 447–452. https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2014.554

Reddy, B. R. S., Ahn, J.-H., Ahn, H.-J., Cho, G.-B., & Cho, K.-K. (2023). Low-Cost and Sustainable Cross-Linked Polyvinyl Alcohol–Tartaric Acid Composite Binder for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 6(11), 6327–6337. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c00896

Ridwan, R., Mujamilah, M., & Johan, A. (2011). The Semi-Quantitative Study Of Magnetization Process On Milling And Reannealing Of Barium Hexaferrite (BAO.6FE2O3). Atom Indonesia, 35(2). https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2009.49

Rusianto, T., Waziz Wildan, M., Abraha, K., & Kusmono, K. (2015). Characterizations of Ceramic Magnets from Iron Sand. International Journal of Technology, 6(6), 1017. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v6i6.1572

Soto-Bernal, J. J., Gonzalez-Mota, R., Rosales-Candelas, I., & Ortiz-Lozano, J. A. (2015). Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on the Physical, Mechanical, and Microstructural Properties of Cement Pastes. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2015, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/934195

Thongsamrit, W., Jantaratana, P., Charoensuk, T., & Sirisathitkul, C. (2022). Paste-Injection of Low-Density Barium Hexaferrite Magnets with Soft Magnetic Iron Phase. Metals, 12(10), 1659. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101659

Vinnik, D., Tarasova, A., Zherebtsov, D., Gudkova, S., Galimov, D., Zhivulin, V., Trofimov, E., Nemrava, S., Perov, N., Isaenko, L., & Niewa, R. (2017). Magnetic and Structural Properties of Barium Hexaferrite BaFe12O19 from Various Growth Techniques. Materials, 10(6), 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10060578

Wagner, D. V., Kareva, K. V., Zhuravlev, V. A., Dotsenko, O. A., & Minin, R. V. (2023). Investigation of BaFe12O19 Hexaferrites Manufactured by Various Synthesis Methods Using a Developed Pulsed Magnetometer. Inventions, 8(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions8010026

Wahyu Soalfide Sipahutar, & Muljadi. (2021). Pengaruh Waktu Miling terhadap Sifat Mikro Struktur dan Magnet dari NdFeB dengan Proses Wet dan Dry Milling. Jurnal Teori Dan Aplikasi Fisika, 09(01).

Wang, H. Z., He, Q., Wen, G. H., Wang, F., Ding, Z. H., & Yao, B. (2010a). Study of formation mechanism of barium hexaferrite by sintering curve. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 504(1), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.05.050

Wang, H. Z., He, Q., Wen, G. H., Wang, F., Ding, Z. H., & Yao, B. (2010b). Study of formation mechanism of barium hexaferrite by sintering curve. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 504(1), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.05.050

Wang, X., Wang, B., Wei, S., Wang, Y., & Liang, Y. (2023a). Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure, magnetic, and microwave absorption properties of M-type barium ferrite nanoparticles prepared by sol–gel method. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 34(12), 1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10400-2

Wang, X., Wang, B., Wei, S., Wang, Y., & Liang, Y. (2023b). Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure, magnetic, and microwave absorption properties of M-type barium ferrite nanoparticles prepared by sol–gel method. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 34(12), 1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10400-2

Zou, J., Zhao, Z., Zhou, X., & Xie, Q. (2023). Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Magnetic Properties of Fe3Mn3Co60.66Si33.34. Inorganics, 11(7), 272. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11070272

Downloads

Published

2025-05-31

How to Cite

Sipahutar, W. S., Putrie, G. S., Putri, F. A., Farhan, A., & Hafid, M. (2025). Binder Influence on Barium Hexaferrite: Comparative Analysis of PVA and Silicone Rubber in Sintered Magnets. JURNAL ILMU FISIKA | UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS, 17(2), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.25077/jif.17.2.135-145.2025

Issue

Vol. 17 No. 2 (2025): September 2025

Section

Research Article

Citation Check

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Wahyu Solafide Sipahutar, Gustya Salma Putrie, Faiza Armalia Putri, Abi Farhan, Muhamad Hafid

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Please find the rights and licenses in JIF (Jurnal Ilmu Fisika).

1. License

The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

2. Author's Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).

3. User Rights

JIF's spirit is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, JIF permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and JIF on distributing works in the journal.

4. Rights of Authors

Authors retain the following rights:

  • Copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
  • The right to use the substance of the article in future own works, including lectures and books,
  • The right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
  • The right to self-archive the article.

5. Co-Authorship

If the article was jointly prepared by other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.

6. Termination

This agreement can be terminated by the author or JIF upon two months's notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party's notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of JIF.

7. Royalties

This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by JIF or its sublicensee.

8. Miscellaneous

JIF will publish the article (or have it published) in the journal if the article's editorial process is successfully completed and JIF or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. JIF may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, referencing and usage that it deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers.